How long to image the M91 with the ZWO Seestar S30 Pro
From a Bortle 6 suburban sky, the ZWO Seestar S30 Pro needs about 4 h 28 min (1,606 subs of 10 s) for a solid image of the M91. A quick look takes 1 h 07 min; a showpiece 18 h. Under a Bortle 3 rural sky the solid figure drops to 1 h 46 min. At Bortle 6 the limit is skyglow, so a darker site or a filter helps more than longer subs. In this scope's field it fills 4% of the frame’s short side.
| Sky | Quick lookTarget obvious, still noisy | SolidClean enough to share | ShowpieceSmooth faint detail, print-worthy |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bortle 1Excellent dark site | 22 min135 subs | 1 h 30 min540 subs | 6 h2,159 subs |
| Bortle 2Typical dark site | 24 min144 subs | 1 h 35 min573 subs | 6 h 22 min2,290 subs |
| Bortle 3Rural | 26 min159 subs | 1 h 46 min635 subs | 7 h 03 min2,537 subs |
| Bortle 4Rural / suburban transition | 33 min197 subs | 2 h 11 min785 subs | 8 h 43 min3,138 subs |
| Bortle 5Suburban | 43 min256 subs | 2 h 50 min1,023 subs | 11 h4,089 subs |
| Bortle 6Bright suburban | 1 h 07 min402 subs | 4 h 28 min1,606 subs | 18 h6,424 subs |
| Bortle 7Suburban / urban transition | 1 h 53 min680 subs | 7 h 33 min2,718 subs | 30 h10,872 subs |
| Bortle 8City | 3 h 05 min1,112 subs | 12 h4,445 subs | 49 h17,779 subs |
| Bortle 9Inner city | 5 h 39 min2,032 subs | 23 h8,128 subs | 90 h32,510 subs |
Power and kit for this session
Allowing for slewing, focusing and rejected subs, that is about 5 h 48 min of run time. The Seestar S30 Pro’s battery is rated at about 5 h, so the session needs an external power bank. (Bortle 6, solid image; we allow 30% over the integration time.)
- USB-C power bank 10000mAh 5V 3A5 V 3 A input and it runs while charging.
- Seestar S30 Pro dew shieldActive anti-dew is built in; a shield adds margin. The S30 Pro front differs from the S30, so check the listing.
- red LED head torchRed light keeps your night vision; white light costs you twenty minutes of dark adaptation every time.
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Everything that fits the Seestar S30 Pro →
How it frames
The M91 is 5.4′ × 4.3′ across. The Seestar S30 Pro frames 3.99° × 2.24° at 3.74″ per pixel, so it fills 4% of the frame’s short side.
Longer subs
10, 20 and 30 s in Alt-Az; 60 s only in EQ mode, which needs the TH10 head. Time for a solid image by sub length:
| Sub length | Bortle 3 | Bortle 5 | Bortle 7 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 s | 1 h 46 min635 subs | 2 h 50 min1,023 subs | 7 h 33 min2,718 subs |
| 20 s | 1 h 28 min266 subs | 2 h 33 min460 subs | 7 h 16 min1,308 subs |
| 30 s | 1 h 23 min166 subs | 2 h 27 min295 subs | 7 h 10 min861 subs |
| 60 s | 1 h 17 min77 subs | 2 h 22 min142 subs | 7 h 04 min425 subs |
Leave the dual-band filter out for the M91. It is a galaxy, and it shines right across the spectrum. A dual-band filter keeps two emission lines and throws the rest away, so most of the light you came for is being stopped along with the sky. From a Bortle 6 sky it would be roughly 13 times slower.
About the M91
A faint barred spiral, the last Virgo cluster object Messier catalogued and the hardest of the group.
NGC 4548 · Galaxy in Coma Berenices · magnitude 10.2 · 5.4′ × 4.3′ · best in Mar, Apr, May. Reachable from mid-northern latitudes (UK, northern US, central Europe) and from the south.
Galaxies are broadband targets: their light is mostly starlight spread across the spectrum, so a dual-band filter throws most of it away and makes things slower, not faster. Shoot without a filter (or with a plain UV/IR cut) and rely on total time and a dark sky. The core of a galaxy is usually many times brighter than its outer disc, so a short stack shows the nucleus long before the arms; the figures here are for the arms and disc, not the core.
Field rotation in Alt-Az mode crops the edges of the stack over a long session, so on a big galaxy re-centre now and then or use EQ mode where your scope supports it.
About the ZWO Seestar S30 Pro
The S30 optics upgraded to a quadruplet in front of an 8 MP IMX585. Same speed per pixel as the S30, four times the pixels, so you can crop hard.
10, 20 and 30 s in Alt-Az; 60 s only in EQ mode, which needs the TH10 head. Built-in UV/IR-cut, dual-band (OIII 30 nm / Hα 20 nm) and dark filters on the telephoto camera.
Longer subs matter most under dark skies, where read noise rather than skyglow sets the floor. From a city the difference between 10 s and 60 s subs is small; from a rural site it can halve the total time, especially with a dual-band filter in place.
Stack across nights. Every smart scope app can continue a stack or you can combine the saved frames on a computer; the figures here are totals, not single-session limits.
Have an image of the M91 from a Seestar S30 Pro? Email it with your total time and sky to [email protected] and it goes here, credited.
Same target, other telescopes
- M91 with the ZWO Seestar S50: 3 h 51 min from Bortle 6
- M91 with the ZWO Seestar S50 Pro: 4 h 12 min from Bortle 6
- M91 with the ZWO Seestar S30: 4 h 03 min from Bortle 6
- M91 with the DwarfLab DWARF 3: 5 h 35 min from Bortle 6
- M91 with the DwarfLab DWARF mini: 3 h 50 min from Bortle 6
- M91 with the DwarfLab Draco: 3 h 09 min from Bortle 6
- M91 with the DwarfLab DWARF II: 13 h from Bortle 6
- M91 with the Vaonis Vespera II: 3 h 51 min from Bortle 6
- M91 with the Vaonis Vespera Pro: 8 h 37 min from Bortle 6
- M91 with the Vaonis Vespera 3: 3 h 40 min from Bortle 6
- M91 with the Vaonis Vespera Pro 2: 8 h 13 min from Bortle 6
- M91 with the Unistellar eQuinox 2: 3 h 30 min from Bortle 6
- M91 with the Unistellar Odyssey: 16 h from Bortle 6
- M91 with the Celestron Origin: 1 h 01 min from Bortle 6
- M91 with the Celestron Origin Mark II: 1 h 24 min from Bortle 6
All telescopes for the M91 · All targets for the Seestar S30 Pro