How long to image the M32 with the DwarfLab DWARF II
From a Bortle 6 suburban sky, the DwarfLab DWARF II needs about 1 h 08 min (273 subs of 15 s) for a solid image of the M32. A quick look takes 17 min; a showpiece 4 h 32 min. Under a Bortle 3 rural sky the solid figure drops to 39 min. At Bortle 6 the limit is a mix of skyglow and read noise. In this scope's field it fills 7% of the frame’s short side.
| Sky | Quick lookTarget obvious, still noisy | SolidClean enough to share | ShowpieceSmooth faint detail, print-worthy |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bortle 1Excellent dark site | 9 min36 subs | 36 min143 subs | 2 h 23 min572 subs |
| Bortle 2Typical dark site | 9 min37 subs | 37 min147 subs | 2 h 27 min588 subs |
| Bortle 3Rural | 10 min39 subs | 39 min155 subs | 2 h 34 min618 subs |
| Bortle 4Rural / suburban transition | 11 min44 subs | 43 min173 subs | 2 h 53 min691 subs |
| Bortle 5Suburban | 13 min51 subs | 50 min202 subs | 3 h 21 min806 subs |
| Bortle 6Bright suburban | 17 min69 subs | 1 h 08 min273 subs | 4 h 32 min1,089 subs |
| Bortle 7Suburban / urban transition | 25 min102 subs | 1 h 42 min407 subs | 6 h 47 min1,628 subs |
| Bortle 8City | 38 min154 subs | 2 h 34 min616 subs | 10 h2,464 subs |
| Bortle 9Inner city | 1 h 06 min266 subs | 4 h 25 min1,062 subs | 18 h4,248 subs |
Power and kit for this session
Allowing for slewing, focusing and rejected subs, that is about 1 h 28 min of run time. The DWARF II’s battery (rated about 3 h) should cover it; a power bank still keeps the phone running the app alive. (Bortle 6, solid image; we allow 30% over the integration time.)
- USB-C PD power bank 10000mAh 18W18 W PD input; runs while charging.
- red LED head torchRed light keeps your night vision; white light costs you twenty minutes of dark adaptation every time.
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Everything that fits the DWARF II →
How it frames
The M32 is 8′ × 6′ across. The DWARF II frames 3.19° × 1.79° at 2.99″ per pixel, so it fills 7% of the frame’s short side.
About the M32
The compact elliptical companion of Andromeda, sitting on its disc. Appears in every M31 frame.
NGC 221 · Galaxy in Andromeda · magnitude 8.1 · 8′ × 6′ · best in Sep, Oct, Nov. Reachable from mid-northern latitudes (UK, northern US, central Europe) and from the south.
Galaxies are broadband targets: their light is mostly starlight spread across the spectrum, so a dual-band filter throws most of it away and makes things slower, not faster. Shoot without a filter (or with a plain UV/IR cut) and rely on total time and a dark sky. The core of a galaxy is usually many times brighter than its outer disc, so a short stack shows the nucleus long before the arms; the figures here are for the arms and disc, not the core.
Field rotation in Alt-Az mode crops the edges of the stack over a long session, so on a big galaxy re-centre now and then or use EQ mode where your scope supports it.
About the DwarfLab DWARF II
The original pocket scope. 24 mm aperture and tiny 1.45 µm pixels mean it is slow per pixel, so bin or downsample and be patient.
15 s is the hard maximum in any mode; DwarfLab recommends EQ mode at 15 s. Two built-in filters, VIS and Astro (IR-pass); no dual-band. The optional UHC filter is no longer sold.
The DWARF II uses fixed 15 s subs, so the only levers you have are the sky you shoot from, the filter, and total time.
Stack across nights. Every smart scope app can continue a stack or you can combine the saved frames on a computer; the figures here are totals, not single-session limits.
Have an image of the M32 from a DWARF II? Email it with your total time and sky to [email protected] and it goes here, credited.
Same target, other telescopes
- M32 with the ZWO Seestar S50: 20 min from Bortle 6
- M32 with the ZWO Seestar S50 Pro: 22 min from Bortle 6
- M32 with the ZWO Seestar S30: 21 min from Bortle 6
- M32 with the ZWO Seestar S30 Pro: 24 min from Bortle 6
- M32 with the DwarfLab DWARF 3: 30 min from Bortle 6
- M32 with the DwarfLab DWARF mini: 20 min from Bortle 6
- M32 with the DwarfLab Draco: 17 min from Bortle 6
- M32 with the Vaonis Vespera II: 20 min from Bortle 6
- M32 with the Vaonis Vespera Pro: 45 min from Bortle 6
- M32 with the Vaonis Vespera 3: 20 min from Bortle 6
- M32 with the Vaonis Vespera Pro 2: 43 min from Bortle 6
- M32 with the Unistellar eQuinox 2: 18 min from Bortle 6
- M32 with the Unistellar Odyssey: 1 h 20 min from Bortle 6
- M32 with the Celestron Origin: 5 min from Bortle 6
- M32 with the Celestron Origin Mark II: 8 min from Bortle 6