How long to image the Triangulum Galaxy with the DwarfLab DWARF mini
From a Bortle 6 suburban sky, the DwarfLab DWARF mini needs about 2 h 41 min (645 subs of 15 s) for a solid image of the Triangulum Galaxy. A quick look takes 40 min; a showpiece 11 h. Under a Bortle 3 rural sky the solid figure drops to 1 h. At Bortle 6 the limit is skyglow, so a darker site or a filter helps more than longer subs. In this scope's field it is just over the frame at 1.0×.
| Sky | Quick lookTarget obvious, still noisy | SolidClean enough to share | ShowpieceSmooth faint detail, print-worthy |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bortle 1Excellent dark site | 12 min50 subs | 50 min199 subs | 3 h 19 min795 subs |
| Bortle 2Typical dark site | 13 min54 subs | 53 min213 subs | 3 h 32 min849 subs |
| Bortle 3Rural | 15 min60 subs | 1 h239 subs | 3 h 58 min953 subs |
| Bortle 4Rural / suburban transition | 19 min76 subs | 1 h 15 min301 subs | 5 h 01 min1,204 subs |
| Bortle 5Suburban | 25 min101 subs | 1 h 40 min401 subs | 6 h 40 min1,602 subs |
| Bortle 6Bright suburban | 40 min162 subs | 2 h 41 min645 subs | 11 h2,577 subs |
| Bortle 7Suburban / urban transition | 1 h 09 min278 subs | 4 h 37 min1,110 subs | 18 h4,437 subs |
| Bortle 8City | 1 h 54 min458 subs | 7 h 38 min1,831 subs | 31 h7,324 subs |
| Bortle 9Inner city | 3 h 31 min843 subs | 14 h3,371 subs | 56 h13,481 subs |
Power and kit for this session
Allowing for slewing, focusing and rejected subs, that is about 3 h 29 min of run time. The DWARF mini’s battery is rated at about 3 h 30 min, which is cutting it fine; take a power bank. (Bortle 6, solid image; we allow 30% over the integration time.)
- USB-C PD power bank 10000mAh 20W7,000 mAh inside, about four hours; a PD bank extends the night.
- red LED head torchRed light keeps your night vision; white light costs you twenty minutes of dark adaptation every time.
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Everything that fits the DWARF mini →
How it frames
The Triangulum Galaxy is 73′ × 45′ across. The DWARF mini frames 2.13° × 1.20° at 3.99″ per pixel, so it is just over the frame at 1.0×. Point at the part you want; the edges will fall outside the frame.
Longer subs
Auto mode caps subs at 15 s; 30 s and longer need EQ mode, and 90 s is the ceiling. Time for a solid image by sub length:
| Sub length | Bortle 3 | Bortle 5 | Bortle 7 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15 s | 1 h239 subs | 1 h 40 min401 subs | 4 h 37 min1,110 subs |
| 30 s | 50 min101 subs | 1 h 31 min182 subs | 4 h 28 min537 subs |
| 60 s | 46 min46 subs | 1 h 26 min87 subs | 4 h 24 min264 subs |
| 90 s | 45 min30 subs | 1 h 25 min57 subs | 4 h 22 min175 subs |
Leave the dual-band filter out for the Triangulum Galaxy. It is a galaxy, and it shines right across the spectrum. A dual-band filter keeps two emission lines and throws the rest away, so most of the light you came for is being stopped along with the sky. From a Bortle 6 sky it would be roughly 12 times slower.
About the Triangulum Galaxy
Big, face-on and low in surface brightness. Nearly as bright as M31 overall but spread thin, so it needs far more time. Its H II regions pop with a dual-band filter.
M33, NGC 598 · Galaxy in Triangulum · magnitude 5.7 · 73′ × 45′ · best in Sep, Oct, Nov. Reachable from mid-northern latitudes (UK, northern US, central Europe) and from the south.
Galaxies are broadband targets: their light is mostly starlight spread across the spectrum, so a dual-band filter throws most of it away and makes things slower, not faster. Shoot without a filter (or with a plain UV/IR cut) and rely on total time and a dark sky. The core of a galaxy is usually many times brighter than its outer disc, so a short stack shows the nucleus long before the arms; the figures here are for the arms and disc, not the core.
Field rotation in Alt-Az mode crops the edges of the stack over a long session, so on a big galaxy re-centre now and then or use EQ mode where your scope supports it.
About the DwarfLab DWARF mini
DwarfLab’s answer to the Seestar S30: same sensor and focal length, big pixels, dual-band filter built in, and 90 s subs in EQ mode. Sensitivity over megapixels.
Auto mode caps subs at 15 s; 30 s and longer need EQ mode, and 90 s is the ceiling. Built-in Astro (430 to 690 nm), dark-frame and dual-band Hα / OIII filters; no plain VIS filter on the tele camera.
Longer subs matter most under dark skies, where read noise rather than skyglow sets the floor. From a city the difference between 15 s and 90 s subs is small; from a rural site it can halve the total time, especially with a dual-band filter in place.
Stack across nights. Every smart scope app can continue a stack or you can combine the saved frames on a computer; the figures here are totals, not single-session limits.
Have an image of the Triangulum Galaxy from a DWARF mini? Email it with your total time and sky to [email protected] and it goes here, credited.
Same target, other telescopes
- Triangulum Galaxy with the ZWO Seestar S50: 2 h 42 min from Bortle 6
- Triangulum Galaxy with the ZWO Seestar S50 Pro: 2 h 57 min from Bortle 6
- Triangulum Galaxy with the ZWO Seestar S30: 2 h 50 min from Bortle 6
- Triangulum Galaxy with the ZWO Seestar S30 Pro: 3 h 08 min from Bortle 6
- Triangulum Galaxy with the DwarfLab DWARF 3: 3 h 55 min from Bortle 6
- Triangulum Galaxy with the DwarfLab Draco: 2 h 13 min from Bortle 6
- Triangulum Galaxy with the DwarfLab DWARF II: 9 h 16 min from Bortle 6
- Triangulum Galaxy with the Vaonis Vespera II: 2 h 42 min from Bortle 6
- Triangulum Galaxy with the Vaonis Vespera Pro: 6 h 03 min from Bortle 6
- Triangulum Galaxy with the Vaonis Vespera 3: 2 h 35 min from Bortle 6
- Triangulum Galaxy with the Vaonis Vespera Pro 2: 5 h 46 min from Bortle 6
- Triangulum Galaxy with the Unistellar eQuinox 2: 2 h 28 min from Bortle 6
- Triangulum Galaxy with the Unistellar Odyssey: 11 h from Bortle 6
- Triangulum Galaxy with the Celestron Origin: 43 min from Bortle 6
- Triangulum Galaxy with the Celestron Origin Mark II: 59 min from Bortle 6
All telescopes for the Triangulum Galaxy · All targets for the DWARF mini