How long to image the M59 with the DwarfLab DWARF mini
From a Bortle 6 suburban sky, the DwarfLab DWARF mini needs about 48 min (192 subs of 15 s) for a solid image of the M59. A quick look takes 12 min; a showpiece 3 h 11 min. Under a Bortle 3 rural sky the solid figure drops to 21 min. At Bortle 6 the limit is skyglow, so a darker site or a filter helps more than longer subs. In this scope's field it fills 7% of the frame’s short side.
| Sky | Quick lookTarget obvious, still noisy | SolidClean enough to share | ShowpieceSmooth faint detail, print-worthy |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bortle 1Excellent dark site | 5 min19 subs | 18 min74 subs | 1 h 14 min296 subs |
| Bortle 2Typical dark site | 5 min20 subs | 19 min78 subs | 1 h 18 min311 subs |
| Bortle 3Rural | 5 min22 subs | 21 min85 subs | 1 h 24 min338 subs |
| Bortle 4Rural / suburban transition | 6 min26 subs | 25 min101 subs | 1 h 41 min404 subs |
| Bortle 5Suburban | 8 min32 subs | 32 min128 subs | 2 h 07 min509 subs |
| Bortle 6Bright suburban | 12 min48 subs | 48 min192 subs | 3 h 11 min766 subs |
| Bortle 7Suburban / urban transition | 20 min79 subs | 1 h 19 min315 subs | 5 h 14 min1,257 subs |
| Bortle 8City | 32 min127 subs | 2 h 06 min505 subs | 8 h 24 min2,018 subs |
| Bortle 9Inner city | 57 min228 subs | 3 h 48 min911 subs | 15 h3,641 subs |
Power and kit for this session
Allowing for slewing, focusing and rejected subs, that is about 1 h 02 min of run time. The DWARF mini’s battery (rated about 3 h 30 min) should cover it; a power bank still keeps the phone running the app alive. (Bortle 6, solid image; we allow 30% over the integration time.)
- USB-C PD power bank 10000mAh 20W7,000 mAh inside, about four hours; a PD bank extends the night.
- red LED head torchRed light keeps your night vision; white light costs you twenty minutes of dark adaptation every time.
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Everything that fits the DWARF mini →
How it frames
The M59 is 5′ × 3.5′ across. The DWARF mini frames 2.13° × 1.20° at 3.99″ per pixel, so it fills 7% of the frame’s short side.
Longer subs
Auto mode caps subs at 15 s; 30 s and longer need EQ mode, and 90 s is the ceiling. Time for a solid image by sub length:
| Sub length | Bortle 3 | Bortle 5 | Bortle 7 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15 s | 21 min85 subs | 32 min128 subs | 1 h 19 min315 subs |
| 30 s | 19 min38 subs | 29 min59 subs | 1 h 16 min153 subs |
| 60 s | 30 min30 subs | 30 min30 subs | 1 h 15 min75 subs |
| 90 s | 45 min30 subs | 45 min30 subs | 1 h 15 min50 subs |
Leave the dual-band filter out for the M59. It is a galaxy, and it shines right across the spectrum. A dual-band filter keeps two emission lines and throws the rest away, so most of the light you came for is being stopped along with the sky. From a Bortle 6 sky it would be roughly 11 times slower.
About the M59
An elliptical galaxy in Virgo, close to M60. A smudge, but a bright one.
NGC 4621 · Galaxy in Virgo · magnitude 9.6 · 5′ × 3.5′ · best in Mar, Apr, May. Reachable from mid-northern latitudes (UK, northern US, central Europe) and from the south.
Galaxies are broadband targets: their light is mostly starlight spread across the spectrum, so a dual-band filter throws most of it away and makes things slower, not faster. Shoot without a filter (or with a plain UV/IR cut) and rely on total time and a dark sky. The core of a galaxy is usually many times brighter than its outer disc, so a short stack shows the nucleus long before the arms; the figures here are for the arms and disc, not the core.
Field rotation in Alt-Az mode crops the edges of the stack over a long session, so on a big galaxy re-centre now and then or use EQ mode where your scope supports it.
About the DwarfLab DWARF mini
DwarfLab’s answer to the Seestar S30: same sensor and focal length, big pixels, dual-band filter built in, and 90 s subs in EQ mode. Sensitivity over megapixels.
Auto mode caps subs at 15 s; 30 s and longer need EQ mode, and 90 s is the ceiling. Built-in Astro (430 to 690 nm), dark-frame and dual-band Hα / OIII filters; no plain VIS filter on the tele camera.
Longer subs matter most under dark skies, where read noise rather than skyglow sets the floor. From a city the difference between 15 s and 90 s subs is small; from a rural site it can halve the total time, especially with a dual-band filter in place.
Stack across nights. Every smart scope app can continue a stack or you can combine the saved frames on a computer; the figures here are totals, not single-session limits.
Have an image of the M59 from a DWARF mini? Email it with your total time and sky to [email protected] and it goes here, credited.
Same target, other telescopes
- M59 with the ZWO Seestar S50: 48 min from Bortle 6
- M59 with the ZWO Seestar S50 Pro: 53 min from Bortle 6
- M59 with the ZWO Seestar S30: 50 min from Bortle 6
- M59 with the ZWO Seestar S30 Pro: 56 min from Bortle 6
- M59 with the DwarfLab DWARF 3: 1 h 10 min from Bortle 6
- M59 with the DwarfLab Draco: 40 min from Bortle 6
- M59 with the DwarfLab DWARF II: 2 h 42 min from Bortle 6
- M59 with the Vaonis Vespera II: 48 min from Bortle 6
- M59 with the Vaonis Vespera Pro: 1 h 47 min from Bortle 6
- M59 with the Vaonis Vespera 3: 46 min from Bortle 6
- M59 with the Vaonis Vespera Pro 2: 1 h 42 min from Bortle 6
- M59 with the Unistellar eQuinox 2: 42 min from Bortle 6
- M59 with the Unistellar Odyssey: 3 h 13 min from Bortle 6
- M59 with the Celestron Origin: 13 min from Bortle 6
- M59 with the Celestron Origin Mark II: 18 min from Bortle 6