How long to image the M77 with the ZWO Seestar S30
From a Bortle 6 suburban sky, the ZWO Seestar S30 needs about 32 min (190 subs of 10 s) for a solid image of the M77. A quick look takes 8 min; a showpiece 2 h 06 min. Under a Bortle 3 rural sky the solid figure drops to 15 min. At Bortle 6 the limit is skyglow, so a darker site or a filter helps more than longer subs. In this scope's field it fills 10% of the frame’s short side.
| Sky | Quick lookTarget obvious, still noisy | SolidClean enough to share | ShowpieceSmooth faint detail, print-worthy |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bortle 1Excellent dark site | 3 min21 subs | 14 min84 subs | 55 min333 subs |
| Bortle 2Typical dark site | 4 min22 subs | 14 min87 subs | 58 min346 subs |
| Bortle 3Rural | 4 min24 subs | 15 min93 subs | 1 h 02 min370 subs |
| Bortle 4Rural / suburban transition | 4 min27 subs | 18 min108 subs | 1 h 12 min430 subs |
| Bortle 5Suburban | 5 min33 subs | 22 min132 subs | 1 h 27 min525 subs |
| Bortle 6Bright suburban | 8 min48 subs | 32 min190 subs | 2 h 06 min757 subs |
| Bortle 7Suburban / urban transition | 12 min75 subs | 50 min300 subs | 3 h 20 min1,199 subs |
| Bortle 8City | 20 min118 subs | 1 h 19 min472 subs | 5 h 14 min1,886 subs |
| Bortle 9Inner city | 35 min210 subs | 2 h 20 min838 subs | 9 h 18 min3,351 subs |
Power and kit for this session
Allowing for slewing, focusing and rejected subs, that is about 41 min of run time. The Seestar S30’s battery (rated about 6 h) should cover it; a power bank still keeps the phone running the app alive. (Bortle 6, solid image; we allow 30% over the integration time, and 30% off the battery for a November night.)
- USB-C power bank 10000mAh 5V 3A6,000 mAh inside; a 10,000 mAh 5 V 3 A bank roughly doubles a session.
- Seestar S30 dew shieldHeater is built in; a cheap shield reduces dew and stray light.
- red LED head torchRed light keeps your night vision; white light costs you twenty minutes of dark adaptation every time.
- hand warmers long lastingAir-activated packs give hours of heat for the person; winter nights are long and you spend most of them standing still.
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Everything that fits the Seestar S30 →
How it frames
The M77 is 7′ × 6′ across. The Seestar S30 frames 2.13° × 1.20° at 3.99″ per pixel, so it fills 10% of the frame’s short side.
Longer subs
10, 20 and 30 s in Alt-Az; 60 s only in EQ mode, which needs the TH10 head. Time for a solid image by sub length:
| Sub length | Bortle 3 | Bortle 5 | Bortle 7 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 s | 15 min93 subs | 22 min132 subs | 50 min300 subs |
| 20 s | 13 min40 subs | 20 min60 subs | 48 min144 subs |
| 30 s | 15 min30 subs | 19 min38 subs | 47 min95 subs |
| 60 s | 30 min30 subs | 30 min30 subs | 46 min47 subs |
Leave the dual-band filter out for the M77. It is a galaxy, and it shines right across the spectrum. A dual-band filter keeps two emission lines and throws the rest away, so most of the light you came for is being stopped along with the sky. From a Bortle 6 sky it would be roughly 13 times slower.
About the M77
A Seyfert galaxy with a blazing core and faint outer arms. The nucleus is easy; the arms are not.
NGC 1068 · Galaxy in Cetus · magnitude 8.9 · 7′ × 6′ · best in Oct, Nov, Dec. Reachable from mid-northern latitudes (UK, northern US, central Europe) and from the south.
Galaxies are broadband targets: their light is mostly starlight spread across the spectrum, so a dual-band filter throws most of it away and makes things slower, not faster. Shoot without a filter (or with a plain UV/IR cut) and rely on total time and a dark sky. The core of a galaxy is usually many times brighter than its outer disc, so a short stack shows the nucleus long before the arms; the figures here are for the arms and disc, not the core.
Field rotation in Alt-Az mode crops the edges of the stack over a long session, so on a big galaxy re-centre now and then or use EQ mode where your scope supports it.
About the ZWO Seestar S30
Wider and lighter than the S50 with the same 2.9 µm pixels, so its per-pixel speed on extended targets is close despite the smaller aperture. Ideal for big nebulae.
10, 20 and 30 s in Alt-Az; 60 s only in EQ mode, which needs the TH10 head. Built-in UV/IR-cut, dual-band (OIII 30 nm / Hα 20 nm) and dark filters.
Longer subs matter most under dark skies, where read noise rather than skyglow sets the floor. From a city the difference between 10 s and 60 s subs is small; from a rural site it can halve the total time, especially with a dual-band filter in place.
Stack across nights. Every smart scope app can continue a stack or you can combine the saved frames on a computer; the figures here are totals, not single-session limits.
Have an image of the M77 from a Seestar S30? Email it with your total time and sky to [email protected] and it goes here, credited.
Same target, other telescopes
- M77 with the ZWO Seestar S50: 30 min from Bortle 6
- M77 with the ZWO Seestar S50 Pro: 33 min from Bortle 6
- M77 with the ZWO Seestar S30 Pro: 35 min from Bortle 6
- M77 with the DwarfLab DWARF 3: 44 min from Bortle 6
- M77 with the DwarfLab DWARF mini: 30 min from Bortle 6
- M77 with the DwarfLab Draco: 25 min from Bortle 6
- M77 with the DwarfLab DWARF II: 1 h 41 min from Bortle 6
- M77 with the Vaonis Vespera II: 30 min from Bortle 6
- M77 with the Vaonis Vespera Pro: 1 h 07 min from Bortle 6
- M77 with the Vaonis Vespera 3: 29 min from Bortle 6
- M77 with the Vaonis Vespera Pro 2: 1 h 04 min from Bortle 6
- M77 with the Unistellar eQuinox 2: 26 min from Bortle 6
- M77 with the Unistellar Odyssey: 1 h 59 min from Bortle 6
- M77 with the Celestron Origin: 8 min from Bortle 6
- M77 with the Celestron Origin Mark II: 11 min from Bortle 6
All telescopes for the M77 · All targets for the Seestar S30