How long to image the M98 with the DwarfLab DWARF II
From a Bortle 6 suburban sky, the DwarfLab DWARF II needs about 13 h (3,131 subs of 15 s) for a solid image of the M98. A quick look takes 3 h 16 min; a showpiece 52 h. Under a Bortle 3 rural sky the solid figure drops to 6 h 27 min. At Bortle 6 the limit is a mix of skyglow and read noise. In this scope's field it fills 9% of the frame’s short side.
| Sky | Quick lookTarget obvious, still noisy | SolidClean enough to share | ShowpieceSmooth faint detail, print-worthy |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bortle 1Excellent dark site | 1 h 27 min349 subs | 5 h 48 min1,394 subs | 23 h5,576 subs |
| Bortle 2Typical dark site | 1 h 30 min362 subs | 6 h 02 min1,448 subs | 24 h5,789 subs |
| Bortle 3Rural | 1 h 37 min388 subs | 6 h 27 min1,549 subs | 26 h6,193 subs |
| Bortle 4Rural / suburban transition | 1 h 52 min449 subs | 7 h 28 min1,793 subs | 30 h7,171 subs |
| Bortle 5Suburban | 2 h 16 min545 subs | 9 h 05 min2,180 subs | 36 h8,720 subs |
| Bortle 6Bright suburban | 3 h 16 min783 subs | 13 h3,131 subs | 52 h12,522 subs |
| Bortle 7Suburban / urban transition | 5 h 09 min1,236 subs | 21 h4,942 subs | 82 h19,766 subs |
| Bortle 8City | 8 h 05 min1,939 subs | 32 h7,754 subs | 130+ h31,013 subs |
| Bortle 9Inner city | 14 h3,438 subs | 57 h13,750 subs | 230+ h54,999 subs |
Power and kit for this session
Allowing for slewing, focusing and rejected subs, that is about 17 h of run time. That is more than one night: over 3 nights, about 5 h 39 min each. The DWARF II’s battery is rated at about 3 h, so each night needs an external power bank. (Bortle 6, solid image; we allow 30% over the integration time.)
- USB-C PD power bank 10000mAh 18W18 W PD input; runs while charging.
- red LED head torchRed light keeps your night vision; white light costs you twenty minutes of dark adaptation every time.
Affiliate links: the retailer pays us a small commission and you pay the same price. These are search links to the named product, not endorsements of a particular listing; check the listing matches your model.
Everything that fits the DWARF II →
How it frames
The M98 is 9.5′ × 3.2′ across. The DWARF II frames 3.19° × 1.79° at 2.99″ per pixel, so it fills 9% of the frame’s short side.
About the M98
A nearly edge-on spiral in Coma, faint and elongated. Needs a dark sky or a long stack.
NGC 4192 · Galaxy in Coma Berenices · magnitude 10.1 · 9.5′ × 3.2′ · best in Mar, Apr, May. Reachable from mid-northern latitudes (UK, northern US, central Europe) and from the south.
Galaxies are broadband targets: their light is mostly starlight spread across the spectrum, so a dual-band filter throws most of it away and makes things slower, not faster. Shoot without a filter (or with a plain UV/IR cut) and rely on total time and a dark sky. The core of a galaxy is usually many times brighter than its outer disc, so a short stack shows the nucleus long before the arms; the figures here are for the arms and disc, not the core.
Field rotation in Alt-Az mode crops the edges of the stack over a long session, so on a big galaxy re-centre now and then or use EQ mode where your scope supports it.
About the DwarfLab DWARF II
The original pocket scope. 24 mm aperture and tiny 1.45 µm pixels mean it is slow per pixel, so bin or downsample and be patient.
15 s is the hard maximum in any mode; DwarfLab recommends EQ mode at 15 s. Two built-in filters, VIS and Astro (IR-pass); no dual-band. The optional UHC filter is no longer sold.
The DWARF II uses fixed 15 s subs, so the only levers you have are the sky you shoot from, the filter, and total time.
Stack across nights. Every smart scope app can continue a stack or you can combine the saved frames on a computer; the figures here are totals, not single-session limits.
Have an image of the M98 from a DWARF II? Email it with your total time and sky to [email protected] and it goes here, credited.
Same target, other telescopes
- M98 with the ZWO Seestar S50: 3 h 48 min from Bortle 6
- M98 with the ZWO Seestar S50 Pro: 4 h 09 min from Bortle 6
- M98 with the ZWO Seestar S30: 4 h from Bortle 6
- M98 with the ZWO Seestar S30 Pro: 4 h 24 min from Bortle 6
- M98 with the DwarfLab DWARF 3: 5 h 31 min from Bortle 6
- M98 with the DwarfLab DWARF mini: 3 h 47 min from Bortle 6
- M98 with the DwarfLab Draco: 3 h 07 min from Bortle 6
- M98 with the Vaonis Vespera II: 3 h 48 min from Bortle 6
- M98 with the Vaonis Vespera Pro: 8 h 31 min from Bortle 6
- M98 with the Vaonis Vespera 3: 3 h 38 min from Bortle 6
- M98 with the Vaonis Vespera Pro 2: 8 h 07 min from Bortle 6
- M98 with the Unistellar eQuinox 2: 3 h 28 min from Bortle 6
- M98 with the Unistellar Odyssey: 16 h from Bortle 6
- M98 with the Celestron Origin: 1 h from Bortle 6
- M98 with the Celestron Origin Mark II: 1 h 23 min from Bortle 6