How long to image the M98 with the DwarfLab DWARF 3
From a Bortle 6 suburban sky, the DwarfLab DWARF 3 needs about 5 h 31 min (1,323 subs of 15 s) for a solid image of the M98. A quick look takes 1 h 23 min; a showpiece 22 h. Under a Bortle 3 rural sky the solid figure drops to 1 h 51 min. At Bortle 6 the limit is skyglow, so a darker site or a filter helps more than longer subs. In this scope's field it fills 10% of the frame’s short side.
| Sky | Quick lookTarget obvious, still noisy | SolidClean enough to share | ShowpieceSmooth faint detail, print-worthy |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bortle 1Excellent dark site | 22 min90 subs | 1 h 29 min357 subs | 5 h 57 min1,427 subs |
| Bortle 2Typical dark site | 24 min97 subs | 1 h 37 min387 subs | 6 h 26 min1,546 subs |
| Bortle 3Rural | 28 min111 subs | 1 h 51 min443 subs | 7 h 22 min1,770 subs |
| Bortle 4Rural / suburban transition | 36 min145 subs | 2 h 25 min579 subs | 9 h 38 min2,314 subs |
| Bortle 5Suburban | 50 min199 subs | 3 h 18 min794 subs | 13 h3,175 subs |
| Bortle 6Bright suburban | 1 h 23 min331 subs | 5 h 31 min1,323 subs | 22 h5,289 subs |
| Bortle 7Suburban / urban transition | 2 h 26 min583 subs | 9 h 42 min2,330 subs | 39 h9,318 subs |
| Bortle 8City | 4 h 03 min974 subs | 16 h3,893 subs | 65 h15,572 subs |
| Bortle 9Inner city | 7 h 32 min1,807 subs | 30 h7,228 subs | 120+ h28,911 subs |
Power and kit for this session
Allowing for slewing, focusing and rejected subs, that is about 7 h 10 min of run time. That is more than one night: over 2 nights, about 3 h 35 min each. The DWARF 3’s battery (rated about 5 h 30 min) should cover each night; a power bank still keeps the phone running the app alive. (Bortle 6, solid image; we allow 30% over the integration time.)
- USB-C PD power bank 20000mAh 18W18 W PD input and it runs while charging; needs a C-to-C cable for PD.
- red LED head torchRed light keeps your night vision; white light costs you twenty minutes of dark adaptation every time.
Affiliate links: the retailer pays us a small commission and you pay the same price. These are search links to the named product, not endorsements of a particular listing; check the listing matches your model.
Everything that fits the DWARF 3 →
How it frames
The M98 is 9.5′ × 3.2′ across. The DWARF 3 frames 2.93° × 1.65° at 2.75″ per pixel, so it fills 10% of the frame’s short side.
Longer subs
Auto mode caps subs at 15 s; 30 s and longer need EQ mode, and 60 s is the ceiling on the tele camera. Time for a solid image by sub length:
| Sub length | Bortle 3 | Bortle 5 | Bortle 7 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15 s | 1 h 51 min443 subs | 3 h 18 min794 subs | 9 h 42 min2,330 subs |
| 30 s | 1 h 43 min206 subs | 3 h 11 min382 subs | 9 h 35 min1,150 subs |
| 60 s | 1 h 39 min100 subs | 3 h 07 min187 subs | 9 h 31 min571 subs |
Leave the dual-band filter out for the M98. It is a galaxy, and it shines right across the spectrum. A dual-band filter keeps two emission lines and throws the rest away, so most of the light you came for is being stopped along with the sky. From a Bortle 6 sky it would be roughly 10 times slower.
About the M98
A nearly edge-on spiral in Coma, faint and elongated. Needs a dark sky or a long stack.
NGC 4192 · Galaxy in Coma Berenices · magnitude 10.1 · 9.5′ × 3.2′ · best in Mar, Apr, May. Reachable from mid-northern latitudes (UK, northern US, central Europe) and from the south.
Galaxies are broadband targets: their light is mostly starlight spread across the spectrum, so a dual-band filter throws most of it away and makes things slower, not faster. Shoot without a filter (or with a plain UV/IR cut) and rely on total time and a dark sky. The core of a galaxy is usually many times brighter than its outer disc, so a short stack shows the nucleus long before the arms; the figures here are for the arms and disc, not the core.
Field rotation in Alt-Az mode crops the edges of the stack over a long session, so on a big galaxy re-centre now and then or use EQ mode where your scope supports it.
About the DwarfLab DWARF 3
Small pixels on a 35 mm f/4.3 lens give a sharper image than its aperture suggests, and EQ mode with 60 s subs makes it the read-noise winner in dark skies.
Auto mode caps subs at 15 s; 30 s and longer need EQ mode, and 60 s is the ceiling on the tele camera. Three built-in filters: VIS, Astro (430 to 690 nm) and dual-band Hα 656 nm / OIII 501 nm.
Longer subs matter most under dark skies, where read noise rather than skyglow sets the floor. From a city the difference between 15 s and 60 s subs is small; from a rural site it can halve the total time, especially with a dual-band filter in place.
Stack across nights. Every smart scope app can continue a stack or you can combine the saved frames on a computer; the figures here are totals, not single-session limits.
Have an image of the M98 from a DWARF 3? Email it with your total time and sky to [email protected] and it goes here, credited.
Same target, other telescopes
- M98 with the ZWO Seestar S50: 3 h 48 min from Bortle 6
- M98 with the ZWO Seestar S50 Pro: 4 h 09 min from Bortle 6
- M98 with the ZWO Seestar S30: 4 h from Bortle 6
- M98 with the ZWO Seestar S30 Pro: 4 h 24 min from Bortle 6
- M98 with the DwarfLab DWARF mini: 3 h 47 min from Bortle 6
- M98 with the DwarfLab Draco: 3 h 07 min from Bortle 6
- M98 with the DwarfLab DWARF II: 13 h from Bortle 6
- M98 with the Vaonis Vespera II: 3 h 48 min from Bortle 6
- M98 with the Vaonis Vespera Pro: 8 h 31 min from Bortle 6
- M98 with the Vaonis Vespera 3: 3 h 38 min from Bortle 6
- M98 with the Vaonis Vespera Pro 2: 8 h 07 min from Bortle 6
- M98 with the Unistellar eQuinox 2: 3 h 28 min from Bortle 6
- M98 with the Unistellar Odyssey: 16 h from Bortle 6
- M98 with the Celestron Origin: 1 h from Bortle 6
- M98 with the Celestron Origin Mark II: 1 h 23 min from Bortle 6