How long to image the M78 with the DwarfLab DWARF mini
From a Bortle 6 suburban sky, the DwarfLab DWARF mini needs about 1 h 02 min (250 subs of 15 s) for a solid image of the M78. A quick look takes 16 min; a showpiece 4 h 10 min. Under a Bortle 3 rural sky the solid figure drops to 26 min. At Bortle 6 the limit is skyglow, so a darker site or a filter helps more than longer subs. In this scope's field it fills 11% of the frame’s short side.
| Sky | Quick lookTarget obvious, still noisy | SolidClean enough to share | ShowpieceSmooth faint detail, print-worthy |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bortle 1Excellent dark site | 6 min23 subs | 23 min91 subs | 1 h 31 min363 subs |
| Bortle 2Typical dark site | 6 min24 subs | 24 min96 subs | 1 h 36 min383 subs |
| Bortle 3Rural | 7 min27 subs | 26 min105 subs | 1 h 45 min420 subs |
| Bortle 4Rural / suburban transition | 8 min32 subs | 32 min128 subs | 2 h 07 min509 subs |
| Bortle 5Suburban | 10 min41 subs | 41 min163 subs | 2 h 43 min651 subs |
| Bortle 6Bright suburban | 16 min63 subs | 1 h 02 min250 subs | 4 h 10 min1,000 subs |
| Bortle 7Suburban / urban transition | 26 min104 subs | 1 h 44 min416 subs | 6 h 56 min1,664 subs |
| Bortle 8City | 42 min169 subs | 2 h 48 min674 subs | 11 h2,696 subs |
| Bortle 9Inner city | 1 h 16 min306 subs | 5 h 06 min1,224 subs | 20 h4,895 subs |
Power and kit for this session
Allowing for slewing, focusing and rejected subs, that is about 1 h 21 min of run time. The DWARF mini’s battery (rated about 3 h 30 min) should cover it; a power bank still keeps the phone running the app alive. (Bortle 6, solid image; we allow 30% over the integration time, and 30% off the battery for a December night.)
- USB-C PD power bank 10000mAh 20W7,000 mAh inside, about four hours; a PD bank extends the night.
- red LED head torchRed light keeps your night vision; white light costs you twenty minutes of dark adaptation every time.
- hand warmers long lastingAir-activated packs give hours of heat for the person; winter nights are long and you spend most of them standing still.
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Everything that fits the DWARF mini →
How it frames
The M78 is 8′ × 6′ across. The DWARF mini frames 2.13° × 1.20° at 3.99″ per pixel, so it fills 11% of the frame’s short side.
Longer subs
Auto mode caps subs at 15 s; 30 s and longer need EQ mode, and 90 s is the ceiling. Time for a solid image by sub length:
| Sub length | Bortle 3 | Bortle 5 | Bortle 7 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15 s | 26 min105 subs | 41 min163 subs | 1 h 44 min416 subs |
| 30 s | 23 min46 subs | 37 min75 subs | 1 h 41 min202 subs |
| 60 s | 30 min30 subs | 36 min36 subs | 1 h 39 min100 subs |
| 90 s | 45 min30 subs | 45 min30 subs | 1 h 39 min66 subs |
Leave the dual-band filter out for the M78. It is a reflection nebula, and it shines right across the spectrum. A dual-band filter keeps two emission lines and throws the rest away, so most of the light you came for is being stopped along with the sky. From a Bortle 6 sky it would be roughly 11 times slower.
About the M78
The brightest reflection nebula in the sky, blue dust lit by young stars in Orion's belt. No filter; it is starlight.
NGC 2068 · Reflection nebula in Orion · magnitude 8.3 · 8′ × 6′ · best in Nov, Dec, Jan. Reachable from mid-northern latitudes (UK, northern US, central Europe) and from the south.
Reflection nebulae are starlight scattered by dust, so they are broadband and blue. A dual-band filter removes almost all of it; do not use one. These are among the faintest structures a smart scope can attempt and the figures run long. A dark sky matters more here than for any other type, and the Moon must be down.
About the DwarfLab DWARF mini
DwarfLab’s answer to the Seestar S30: same sensor and focal length, big pixels, dual-band filter built in, and 90 s subs in EQ mode. Sensitivity over megapixels.
Auto mode caps subs at 15 s; 30 s and longer need EQ mode, and 90 s is the ceiling. Built-in Astro (430 to 690 nm), dark-frame and dual-band Hα / OIII filters; no plain VIS filter on the tele camera.
Longer subs matter most under dark skies, where read noise rather than skyglow sets the floor. From a city the difference between 15 s and 90 s subs is small; from a rural site it can halve the total time, especially with a dual-band filter in place.
Stack across nights. Every smart scope app can continue a stack or you can combine the saved frames on a computer; the figures here are totals, not single-session limits.
Have an image of the M78 from a DWARF mini? Email it with your total time and sky to [email protected] and it goes here, credited.
Same target, other telescopes
- M78 with the ZWO Seestar S50: 1 h 03 min from Bortle 6
- M78 with the ZWO Seestar S50 Pro: 1 h 09 min from Bortle 6
- M78 with the ZWO Seestar S30: 1 h 06 min from Bortle 6
- M78 with the ZWO Seestar S30 Pro: 1 h 13 min from Bortle 6
- M78 with the DwarfLab DWARF 3: 1 h 31 min from Bortle 6
- M78 with the DwarfLab Draco: 52 min from Bortle 6
- M78 with the DwarfLab DWARF II: 3 h 32 min from Bortle 6
- M78 with the Vaonis Vespera II: 1 h 03 min from Bortle 6
- M78 with the Vaonis Vespera Pro: 2 h 20 min from Bortle 6
- M78 with the Vaonis Vespera 3: 1 h from Bortle 6
- M78 with the Vaonis Vespera Pro 2: 2 h 13 min from Bortle 6
- M78 with the Unistellar eQuinox 2: 56 min from Bortle 6
- M78 with the Unistellar Odyssey: 4 h 16 min from Bortle 6
- M78 with the Celestron Origin: 17 min from Bortle 6
- M78 with the Celestron Origin Mark II: 23 min from Bortle 6